87. A detailed outline for the planning stage of a speech is called a preparation outline.
88. When making a preparation outline, you should state your main points and subpoints in full sentences to ensure that you develop your ideas fully.
89. In a speech outline, main points are identified by Roman numerals , while subpoints are identified by capital letters .
90. A bibliography is often included as part of the preparation outline.
91. A speaking outline should include cues for delivering the speech.
92. A speaking outline should be kept as brief as possible.
93. The textbook gives four guidelines for a speaking outline. They are:
a. Follow the visual framework used in the preparation outline.
b. Make sure the outline is plainly legible.
c. Keep the outline as brief as possible.
d. Include cues for delivering the speech.
94. In the left-hand column below is a blank portion of a preparation outline for an informative speech on diamonds. In the right-hand column, arranged in random order, are a main point, two subpoints, and two sub-subpoints. Use them to fill in the outline.
|
Outline |
Main Point and Subpoints |
|
I. A. 1. 2. B. |
A carat is equal to 0.2 grams. Usually the greater the carat weight, the more valuable the diamond. The carat is a unit of weight, not size. One way to judge the quality of a diamond is by its carat weight. This is about the weight of a carob seed, from which the word ÒcaratÓ is derived. |
Discussion: When filled in, the outline should look like this:
I. One way to judge the quality of a diamond is by its carat weight.
A. The carat is a unit of weight, not size.
1. A carat is equal to 0.2 grams.
2. This is about the weight of a carob seed, from which the word ÒcaratÓ is derived.
B. Usually the greater the carat weight, the more valuable the diamond.
95. In the left-hand column below is a blank portion of a preparation outline for an informative speech on skin cancer. In the right-hand column, arranged in random order, are a main point, a subpoint, and three sub-subpoints. Use them to fill in the outline.
|
Outline |
Main Point and Subpoints |
|
I.
A.
1.
2.
B.
|
The amount of ultraviolet radiation you are exposed to depends in part on where you live. Certain health and skin conditions are also contributing causes to the development of skin cancer. There are several causes of skin cancer. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun is the most common cause of skin cancer. The amount of ultraviolet radiation you are exposed to also depends on the time of day you are in the sun. |
Discussion: When filled in, the outline should look like this:
I. There are several causes of skin cancer.
A. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun is the most common cause of skin cancer.
1. The amount of ultraviolet radiation you are exposed to depends in part on where you live.
2. The amount of ultraviolet radiation you are exposed to also depends on the time of day you are in the sun.
B. Certain health and skin conditions are also contributing causes to the development of skin cancer.
96. In the left-hand column below is a blank portion of a preparation outline for an informative speech on maple syrup. In the right-hand column, arranged in random order, are a main point, two subpoints, and two sub-subpoints. Use them to fill in the outline.
|
Outline |
Main Point and Subpoints |
|
I.
A.
B.
1.
2.
|
It also requires less time and labor. In the modern method, sap is collected through a system of pipelines. The pipeline method yields more sap than the bucket method. In the traditional method, sap is collected in buckets. There are two major methods of collecting sap from maple trees.
|
Discussion: When filled in, the outline should look like this:
I. There are two major methods of collecting sap from maple trees.
A. In the traditional method, sap is collected in buckets.
B. In the modern method, sap is collected through a system of pipelines.
1. The pipeline method yields more sap than the traditional method.
2. It also requires less time and labor.
97. In the left-hand column below is a partially blank outline from a speech about advertising strategies. In the right-hand column, arranged in random order, are the subpoints and sub-subpoints to fill in the outline. Choose the appropriate subpoint or sub-subpoint for each blank in the outline.
|
Outline |
Main Point and Subpoints |
|
I. Advertisers use various types of visual strategies to persuade consumers to buy their products.
A.
1.
2.
B.
1.
2.
3.
|
Advertisers use shocking images because, says London advertising consultant Robert Bean, Òthe real risk in advertising is to not be noticed at all.Ó Cigarette ads always show images of beautiful, healthy people smoking, not elderly people suffering from emphysema or lung cancer. Another type of visual strategy is to use visually shocking images to gain attention. Another example is car ads that show images of a car high on a mountain rather than sitting in a traffic jam on an urban highway. At other times the shock is offensive, as in sexually explicit alcohol ads. One type of visual strategy is to use illusions and appealing images. Bean notes that sometimes the shock is humorous, such as a radio company in Chicago that gained attention by posting their ads upside down.
|
Discussion: When filled in, the outline should look like this:
I. Advertisers use various types of visual strategies to persuade consumers to buy their products.
A. One type of visual strategy is to use illusions and appealing images.
1. Cigarette ads always show images of beautiful, healthy people smoking, not elderly people suffering from emphysema or lung cancer.
2. Another example is car ads that show images of a car high on a mountain rather than sitting in a traffic jam on an urban highway.
B. Another type of visual strategy is to use visually shocking images to gain attention.
1. Advertisers use shocking images because, says London advertising consultant Robert Bean, Òthe real risk in advertising is to not be noticed at all.Ó
2. Bean notes that sometimes the shock is humorous, such as a radio company in Chicago that gained attention by posting their ads upside down.
3. At other times the shock is offensive, as in sexually explicit alcohol ads.
98. In the left-hand column below is a blank portion of a preparation outline for an informative speech about diabetes. In the right-hand column, arranged in random order, are a main point, a subpoint, and three sub-subpoints. Use them to fill in the outline.
|
Outline |
Main Point and Subpoints |
|
I.
A.
1.
2.
3.
|
Insulin injections are literally a lifesaver for millions of people with diabetes. In the future, it may be possible to take insulin orally, without the discomfort of injections. Before insulin was developed in 1921, diabetes was usually a fatal disease. Diabetes can be combated by injections of insulin and by control of diet. Today, daily injections of insulin allow even severe diabetics to live normal lives. |
Discussion: When filled in, the outline should look like this:
I. Diabetes can be combated by injections of insulin and by control of diet.
A. Insulin injections are literally a life-saver for millions of people with diabetes.
1. Before insulin was developed in 1921, diabetes was usually a fatal disease.
2. Today daily injections of insulin allow even severe diabetics to live normal lives.
3. In the future it may be possible to take insulin orally, without the discomfort of injections.
Essay Questions
99. In the left-hand column below is a partially blank outline from a speech about child abuse. In the right-hand column, arranged in random order, are the subpoints and sub-subpoints to fill in the outline. Choose the appropriate subpoint or sub-subpoint for each blank in the outline.
|
Outline |
Main Point and Subpoints |
|
I. Child abuse continues to be a serious problem in the United States.
A.
1.
2.
B.
II. The consequences of child abuse are tragic in both the short run and the long run.
A.
1.
2.
B.
1.
a.
b.
2.
|
There is an unusually high rate of criminal activity among adults who were abused as children. In the short run, children suffer serious injuries and even death. This averages out to almost 3,500 cases per day. These statistics are even more alarming once we recognize that for every reported case of child abuse, five more go unreported. One study showed that abused children are ten times more likely to be arrested for violent crimes as adults than are non-abused children. In addition to these injuries, some 2,000 children die each year from severe abuse. Last year alone there were more than 1.3 million reported cases of child abuse. Victims of child abuse often grow up to become child abusers themselves as adults. Injuries to abused children include bruises, burns, cuts, broken bones, internal bleeding, and damage to organs such as the kidneys and the liver. Another study revealed that 90 percent of the inmates at San Quentin prison were abused as children. This figure breaks down further to 146 cases per hour. In the long run, victims of child abuse often continue to be affected by it as adults. |
Discussion: When filled in, the outline should look like this:
I. Child abuse continues to be a serious problem in the United States.
A. Last year alone there were more than 1.3 million reported cases of child abuse.
1. This averages out to almost 3,500 cases per day.
2. This figure breaks down further to 146 cases per hour.
B. These statistics are even more alarming once we recognize that for every reported case of child abuse, five more go unreported.
II. The consequences of child abuse are tragic in both the short run and the long run.
A. In the short run children suffer serious injuries and even death.
1. Injuries to abused children include bruises, burns, cuts, broken bones, internal bleeding, and damage to organs such as the kidneys and the liver.
2. In addition to these injuries, some 2,000 children die each year from severe abuse.
B. In the long run victims of child abuse often continue to be affected by it as adults.
1. There is an unusually high rate of criminal activity among adults who were abused as children.
a. One study showed that abused children are ten times more likely to be arrested for violent crimes as adults than are non-abused children.
b. Another study revealed that 90 percent of the inmates at San Quentin prison were abused as children.
2. Victims of child abuse often grow up to become child abusers themselves as adults.
100. In the left-hand column below is a partially blank outline from a speech about the symptoms and treatment of frostbite. In the right-hand column, arranged in random order, are the subpoints and sub-subpoints to fill in the outline. Choose the appropriate subpoint or sub-subpoint for each blank in the outline.
|
Outline |
Main Point and Subpoints |
|
I. There are several symptoms of frostbite.
A.
B.
C.
II. The key to treating frostbite is knowing what to do and what not to do.
A.
1.
2.
a.
b.
3.
B.
1.
2.
3.
|
Another method of warming is to lightly cover the affected areas with warm towels. If you take the wrong steps in treating frostbite, you can cause permanent damage to the affected areas. As frostbite develops, the skin first changes to a grayish-yellow color. First, get the victim indoors as quickly as possible. When the affected areas become flushed, discontinue warming and have the victim gently exercise them to stimulate circulation. Second, do not rub or massage the affected areas. Once the victim is indoors, warm the affected areas until they become flushed. As frostbite intensifies, the affected areas feel extremely cold, turn numb, and may turn from a grayish-yellow to a bluish color. If you take the right steps in treating frostbite, you can usually prevent permanent damage to the affected areas. Third, do not break any blisters that may have formed. One method of warming is to immerse the affected areas in warm water. In severe cases, the frostbite victim may experience mental confusion and impaired judgment. First, do not apply hot water or strong heat.
|
Discussion: When filled in, the outline should look like this:
I. There are several symptoms of frostbite.
A. As frostbite develops, the skin first changes to a grayish-yellow color.
B. As frostbite intensifies, the affected areas feel extremely cold, turn numb, and may turn from a grayish-yellow to a bluish color.
C. In severe cases, the frostbite victim may experience mental confusion and impaired judgment.
II. The key to treating frostbite is knowing what to do and what not to do.
A. If you take the right steps in treating frostbite, you can usually prevent permanent damage to the affected areas.
1. First, get the victim indoors as quickly as possible.
2. Once the victim is indoors, warm the affected areas until they become flushed.
a. One method of warming is to immerse the affected areas in warm water.
b. Another method of warming is to lightly cover the affected areas with warm towels or blankets.
3. When the affected areas become flushed, discontinue warming and have the victim gently exercise them to stimulate circulation.
B. If you take the wrong steps in treating frostbite, you can cause permanent damage to the affected areas.
1. First, do not apply hot water or strong heat.
2. Second, do not rub or massage the affected areas.
3. Third, do not break any blisters that may have formed.
101. Explain the following statement: ÒAs plans and blueprints are essential to architecture, so are outlines essential for effective public speaking.Ó
102. What does it mean to say that a speech outline has a Òvisual frameworkÓ? Why is that framework important to a speaker?
103. What should a preparation outline include in addition to the main points, subpoints, and sub-subpoints?
104. When making a preparation outline, why is it important to state main points and subpoints in full sentences?
105. What are the criteria for an effective speech title? Explain the three kinds of titles discussed in your text.
106. In a well-developed essay, explain the similarities and differences between a preparation outline and a speaking outline. Be sure to consider what a preparation outline includes that is not part of a speaking outline.
107. Explain the four guidelines presented in your textbook for an effective speaking outline.
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