Chapter 16 details on speech to persuade

What modern scholars of persuasion refer to as credibility, Aristotle referred to as ethos . According to your textbook, the two most important factors affecting the credibility of a persuasive speaker are competence and character . Above all, a your credibility is affected by these two factors: competence and character .

Initial credibility describes your credibility before you begin to speak; in the persuasive speech listeners will recall your previous displays of credibility— or not. Derived credibility is the credibility produced by everything you say and do during the speech. Your terminal credibility describes your credibility status at the end of your speech. Use Logos (the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker) and Pathos
( the name used by Aristotle for the emotional appeal of a speaker) throughout — you are appealing to our hearts and minds, figuratively speaking.

When used in any speech, supporting materials such as examples, statistics, and testimony are referred to as evidence . Your textbook presents four tips for using evidence in a persuasive speech.

They are as follows:
a. Use specific evidence
b. Use novel evidence.
c. Use evidence from credible sources.
d. Make clear the point of your evidence.

Reasoning is a process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence. According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of causal reasoning that hedges the claim and narrowly avoids what type of logical fallacy?

President John Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963. The Beatles hit the top of the charts for the first time less than a month later. Can there be any doubt that the Beatles’ rise to popularity was brought about partly by Kennedy’s death, which left a void in the hearts of America’s youth that was quickly filled by the dynamic singing group?

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of the slippery slope fallacy: You will be sorry if you allow employees to take time off to aid sick family members. First they will want time off to help spouses and children. Then they will skip work to help parents and grandparents. Before you know it, they will be gone for nephews and cousins, and you won’t have anyone around to do their jobs.

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of analogical reasoning :School administrators in Long Beach, California, report that school uniforms have reduced school crime by 36 percent, increased attendance by 22 percent, and decreased student suspensions by 32 percent. If such a policy works in Long Beach, it can work in our school district.

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of the

red herring fallacy: I don’t know why we are wasting time debating campaign finance reform when more and more international terrorists are focusing
their attacks on the United States.

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of reasoning from specific instances . In Montana an infant’s under active thyroid went undiagnosed for three months because of a medical laboratory testing error. In Louisiana a 26-year-old woman died because a medical laboratory inaccurately analyzed a mole that had been removed from her neck as non cancerous. And in California a teacher lost his life to a rare form of pneumonia when a medical laboratory confused his test results with those of another person. We can see, then, that inaccurate medical lab tests are a problem throughout the US.

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of the either-or fallacy: Our company has only two options—either to cut employee benefits or to lay off large numbers of workers.

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of the

bandwagon fallacy: I think the governor has excellent ideas for prison reform. After all, polls show that 70 percent of the state supports his position.

Your textbook discusses three methods of generating emotional appeal in a persuasive speech. The three methods are as follows:
a. Use emotional language.
b. Develop vivid examples.
c. Speak with sincerity and conviction.