12. T F When developing a speech, you should try to roughly balance the amount of time devoted to each main point.

13. T F Strategic organization means putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.

14. T F The most effective order for the main points of a speech depends upon the topic, the specific purpose, and the audience.

15. T F Chronological organization is used primarily for informative speeches.

16. T F Speeches arranged in causal order usually have three main points.

17. T F When arranging a speech in causal order, you must deal first with the causes of an event and then explain its effects.

18. T F Problem-solution order is used most often in persuasive speeches.

19. T F Speeches arranged in problem-solution order are divided into four main parts.

20. T F Speeches arranged in causal order usually have three or four main points.

21. T F In topical order the main points proceed from top to bottom, left to right, front to back, east to west, or some similar route.

22. T F When arranged in topical order, the main points of a speech usually follow a time sequence.

23. T F Speeches arranged in spatial order follow a time sequence.

24. T F Speeches arranged in chronological order follow a time pattern.

25. T F Although using a consistent pattern of wording for main points is common practice among writers, it is less important in public speaking.

26. T F Unlike writers, good speakers seldom use connectives between main points.

27. T F Transitions state both the idea the speaker is leaving and the one the speaker is coming to.

28. T F “Now that we have explored the problem, let’s turn to the solution” is an example of an internal preview.

29. T F A connective is a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.

30. T F According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of a transition: “Now that we’ve seen how binge drinking is a serious problem for many students, let’s look at some ways to help curb the problem.”

31. T F According to your textbook, the following connective is an example of a signpost: “How can we make our roads safer for cyclists?”

32. T F According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of a transition: “So much for the present; now let’s turn our attention to the future.”

33. T F According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of an internal summary: “So much for the present; what about the future?”

34. T F According to your textbook, an internal summary must be used after every main point in a speech.

35. T F A public speaker should avoid using transitions and internal summaries together.

36. T F “The most important point to remember about . . .” is an example of a signpost.

37. T F “Above all, you need to know . . .” is an example of a signpost.

Multiple Choice Questions (Students are to indicate the best answer for each

question by circling the correct letter.)

38. According to your textbook, how well a speech is organized likely will influence

a. how clearly the audience understands the speech.

b. how the audience views the competence of the speaker.

c. how confident the speaker feels about his or her delivery.

* d. all of the above.

e. a and b only.

39. The is the longest and most important part of the speech.

* a. body

b. blueprint

c. introduction

d. conclusion

e. frame

40. According to your textbook, what is the most important reason for limiting the number of main points in a speech?

a. It is hard to maintain parallel wording if there are too many main points.

b. It is hard to phrase the central idea if a speech has too many main points.

c. It is hard to organize supporting materials if there are too many main points.

d. It is hard to deliver a speech extemporaneously if it has too many main points.

* e. It is hard for the audience to keep track of too many main points.

41. The most effective order of main points in a speech depends above all on your topic, purpose, and

* a. audience.

b. research.

c. visual aids.

d. credibility.

e. delivery.

42. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the accomplishments of Leonardo da Vinci.

I. As a painter, da Vinci produced the Mona Lisa and other masterpieces.

II. As an inventor, da Vinci drew plans for a parachute and a flying machine.

III. As an astronomer, da Vinci concluded that the earth revolves around the sun.

These main points are arranged in order.

* a. topical

b. objective

c. descriptive

d. career

e. spatial

43. Here are the main points for a speech persuading the audience to become literacy tutors.

I. You should volunteer as a literacy tutor because it helps children.

II. You should volunteer as a literacy tutor because it strengthens the community.

III. You should volunteer as a literacy tutor because it is personally rewarding.

These main points are arranged in order.

* a. topical

b. argumentative

c. problem-solution

d. psychological

e. analytical

44. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the book To Kill a Mockingbird.

I. To Kill a Mockingbird was the first, and only, novel written by Harper Lee.

II. To Kill a Mockingbird won a Pulitzer Prize for literature and became a modern classic.

III. To Kill a Mockingbird has been banned by some public schools because of its themes.

According to your textbook, these main points are arranged in order.

a. literary

b. procedural

c. ascending

d. analytical

* e. topical

45. Here are the main points for a speech explaining the reasons for the current shortage of teachers.

I. Teachers are leaving the profession because of low pay.

II. Teachers are leaving the profession because of excessive bureaucracy.

III. Teachers are leaving the profession because of inadequate facilities.

These main points are arranged in order.

a. ascending

b. consecutive

c. chronological

d. descending

* e. topical

46. Here are the main points for a speech about the methods used by Feng Shui consultants.

I. Feng Shui consultants use light cures to redirect energy.

II. Feng Shui consultants use sound cures to generate new energy.

III. Feng Shui consultants use weight cures to bring feelings of stability.

IV. Feng Shui consultants use living cures to nourish life and growth.

These main points are arranged in order.

a. formal

b. professional

c. problem-solution

* d. topical

e. causal

47. Which organizational method is used in a speech with the following main points?

I. As a social worker, Jane Addams founded the settlement house movement in Chicago.

II. As a reformer, Jane Addams campaigned for child-labor laws, unemploy-ment compensation, and better public sanitation.

III. As a suffragist, Jane Addams fought to give women the vote.

IV. As a writer, Jane Addams is best known for her autobiographical Twenty Years at Hull House.

* a. topical

b. spatial

c. chronological

d. descriptive

e. formal

48. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the major categories of dog breeds:

I. The working dogs do rescue, police, herding, and guide jobs.

II. The hound dogs are hunters that specialize in small animals.

III. The terrier dogs make good watchdogs.

IV. The toy dogs are primarily house pets.

These points are organized in order.

a. spatial

b. descriptive

c. chronological

d. illustrative

* e. topical

49. Which organizational pattern is reflected in a speech with the following the main points?

I. Soda lime glass is used in almost all ordinary glass products.

II. Lead crystal glass is used mostly for luxury glass products.

III. Heat resistant glass is used for cooking and scientific products.

a. causal

b. informative

c. chronological

* d. topical

e. descriptive

50. Here are the main points for a speech about the major steps involved in a successful job interview:

I. The first step is preparing for the interview before it takes place.

II. The second step is presenting yourself well during the interview itself.

III. The third step is following up after the interview.

These main points are arranged in order.

a. topical

b. spatial

* c. chronological

d. informative

e. causal

51. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the history of chocolate:

I. Chocolate was originally used in Mexico as a drink by the Aztecs.

II. Chocolate was introduced to Europe after the Spanish conquered the Aztecs.

III. Chocolate was first made into candy during the 1800s.

IV. Chocolate’s popularity and uses continue to expand today.

These main points are arranged in order.

a. causal

b. analytical

c. descriptive

* d. chronological

e. spatial

52. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the process of drying and storing garden herbs.

I. The first step is to prepare the herbs for drying by rinsing and gathering stems together.

II. The second step is to hang the herb bunches upside down in a dry place.

III. The third step is to strip the dried leaves and store the herbs properly.

These main points are arranged in order.

a. topical

* b. chronological

c. descriptive

d. practical

e. spatial

53. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the civil rights movement.

I. The 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education marked the beginning of the modern civil rights movement.

II. In 1963 peaceful protests and violent police responses in Birmingham, Alabama, dramatically increased support for the civil rights movement.

III. In 1965 the Voting Rights Act was passed, marking the major legislative achievement of the civil rights movement.

These main points are arranged in order.

a. spatial

b. historical

c. descriptive

* d. chronological

e. topical

54. Jackson had been a rodeo fan since childhood. In his informative speech, he gave a presentation with the following main points. Jackson’s points were arranged in

order.

I. Rodeos began in the Old West as contests of skill among cowboys during cattle roundups.

II. By 1920 rodeos had become a popular spectator sport for the general public.

III. Today rodeos combine traditional western events with a circuslike atmosphere and the marketing techniques of big business.

a. topical

b. formal

* c. chronological

d. analytical

e. spatial

55. Sheila had been making pottery for several years. In her informative speech, she gave a presentation with the following main points.

I. The first step in making pottery is preparing the clay.

II. The second step in making pottery is shaping the clay.

III. The third step in making pottery is decorating and glazing the clay.

IV. The fourth step in making pottery is firing the finished product.

Sheila’s points were arranged in order.

a. ascending

b. process

* c. chronological

d. descending

e. topical

56. Here are the main points for a speech about the history of golf.

I. The game we know as golf originated in Scotland during the 15th century.

II. Most of golf’s rules and traditions developed during the 19th century.

III. Professional golf tours for men and women emerged during the 20th century.

IV. Today golf is at a peak of popularity among everyday players and spectators.

According to your textbook, these main points are arranged in order.

* a. chronological

b. ascending

c. process

d. descending

e. historical

57. Which organizational method is used in a speech with the following main points?

I. Many citizens are victimized every year by incompetent lawyers.

II. A bill requiring lawyers to stand for recertification every 10 years will do much to help solve the problem.

a. legal

b. topical

c. chronological

* d. problem-solution

e. analytical

58. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the anatomy of the human ear.

I. The outer ear includes the ear flap and the ear canal.

II. The middle ear includes the eardrum and three tiny, interconnected bones.

III. The inner ear includes the cochlea, the semicircular canals, and the auditory nerve.

These main points are arranged in order.

* a. spatial

b. descending

c. chronological

d. ascending

e. topical

59. Which method of organization is used in the following main points?

I. The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is about as thick as a sheet of paper.

II. The middle layer of the skin, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis.

III. The innermost layer of the skin, the subcutaneous tissue, is by far the thickest layer.

a. topical

b. visual

c. scientific

d. ascending

* e. spatial

60. Adriana’s informative speech about different kinds of coffee had the following main points.

I. Coffees grown in South America are known for their acidic taste.

II. Coffees grown in Africa are known for their earthy taste.

III. Coffees grown in Asia are known for their well-balanced taste.

What method of organization did Adriana use for her main points?

a. causal

b. economic

c. objective

d. analytical

* e. spatial

61. Which organizational method is used in a speech with the following main points?

I. The outermost section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the entrance passage.

II. The next section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the antechamber.

III. The third section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the treasury.

IV. The innermost section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the burial chamber.

* a. spatial

b. logical

c. chronological

d. progressive

e. descriptive

62. Here are the main points for a speech about the impact of global warming:

I. Global warming has had a major impact in North America.

II. Global warming has had a major impact in South America.

III. Global warming has had a major impact in Europe.

IV. Global warming has had a major impact in Asia.

V. Global warming has had a major impact in Africa.

These main points are arranged in order.

a. directional

* b. spatial

c. chronological

d. causal

e. problem-solution

63. Here are the main points for a speech about the components of a medieval coat of armor.

I. The head was protected by a helmet.

II. The torso was protected by shoulder pieces, palates, a breastplate, a skirt of tasses, and a tuille.

III. The arms and hands were protected by brassards, elbow pieces, and gauntlets.

IV. The legs and feet were protected by cuisses, knee pieces, jambeaux, and sollerets.

These main points are arranged in order.

a. topical

b. informative

c. chronological

d. structural

* e. spatial

64. Which organizational method is used in a speech with the following main points.

I. Caused by the bite of infected mosquitoes, West Nile virus has spread throughout the United States.

II. The effects of West Nile virus include flu-like symptoms, convulsions, swelling of the brain, and, in some cases, death.

a. topical

*b. causal

c. scientific

d analytical

e. spatial

65. Here are the main points for a speech on the subject of hearing loss.

I. Hearing loss can be caused by genetic and environmental factors.

II. Hearing loss can lead to significant changes in a person’s daily life.

These main points are arranged in order.

a. logical

b. scientific

c. analytical

d. topical

* e. causal

66. Because of his family’s medical history, Alan Hardaway decided to give his informative speech on sickle-cell anemia. When he finished work on the speech, it had the following main points.

I. Sickle-cell anemia is a hereditary blood disease caused by abnormal blood cells.

II. The effects of sickle-cell anemia include liver damage, blindness, paralysis, and early death.

Alan’s main points were arranged in order.

a. topical

b. medical

c. analytical

d. formal

* e. causal

67. Which organizational method is used in a speech with the following main points?

I. The city of London has been facing massive traffic congestion in the downtown area.

II. To combat the problem, officials have installed tolls on roads entering the city.

a. objective

b. persuasive

* c. problem-solution

d. analytical

e. spatial

68. Here are the main points for a persuasive speech about the environmental hazards created by discarded computers.

I. Discarded computers have become a major source of lead and radiation pollution in landfills.

II. Solving this problem requires government regulation and personal action by consumers and businesses.

These main points are arranged in ____________ order.

a. spatial

b. ascending

c. chronological

* d. problem-solution

e. descending

69. Here are the main points for a persuasive speech on adult illiteracy.

I. Adult illiteracy has reached crisis proportions in the United States.

II. Solving the problem will require continued action by government and individual citizens alike.

These main points are arranged in order.

a. spatial

b. topical

* c. problem-solution

d. comparative-advantage

e. causal

70. A soccer player herself, Jenine is very concerned about the growing number of serious injuries at all levels of the sport. When the time came for her persuasive speech, she presented a speech with the following main points:

I. In the past ten years serious soccer injuries have risen dramatically among players of all ages and skill levels.

II. The best way to control this problem is through changes in rules and training.

Jenine’s main points were arranged in order.

* a. problem-solution

b. chronological

c. problem-cause-solution

d. topical

e. motivated sequence

71. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To persuade my audience that our state legislature should enact tougher laws to deal with the problem of motorists who run red lights.”

a. topical

b. persuasive

* c. problem-solution

d. analytical

e. spatial

72. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience about the major geographical regions of the Philippines”?

a. historical

*b. spatial

c. developmental

d. descriptive

e. visual

73. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience about the three major principles of Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence”?

* a. topical

b. logistical

c. chronological

d. technical

e. analytical

74. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience of the causes and effects of the erosion of America’s seacoasts”?

a. spatial

b. environmental

c. chronological

d. analytical

* e. causal

75. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience how to start an online business”?

a. spatial

b. technical

c. causal

d. comparative-advantages

* e. chronological

76. What organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience about three major ways to block junk mail from their e-mail system”?

* a. topical

b. logistical

c. chronological

d. technical

e. causal

77. When the main points of a speech follow a time pattern, they are organized in

a. problem-solution order.

b. spatial order.

c. topical order.

d. causal order.

* e. chronological order.

78. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose, “To inform my audience how to set up an online banking system to pay your bills”?

* a. chronological

b. problem-solution

c. spatial

d. causal

e. comparative-advantage

79. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To persuade my audience to support stricter drug testing for Olympic athletes”?

a. chronological

* b. problem-solution

c. thematic

d. spatial

e. causal

80. Which organizational pattern would be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience about the major steps in setting up a home aquarium”?

* a. chronological

b. causal

c. problem-solution

d. informative

e. Monroe’s motivated sequence

81. When main ideas follow a directional pattern, they are organized in

a. geographical order.

b. topical order.

* c. spatial order.

d. causal order.

e. chronological order.

82. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the central idea “There are five basic positions of the feet in ballet”?

a. visual

b. chronological

c. problem-solution

d. causal

* e. topical

83. Which pattern of organization would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To persuade my audience that high school and college football programs should act now to reduce the incidents of serious injuries in their sport.”

a. spatial

b. causal

* c. problem-solution

d. chronological

e. topical

84. What organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the central idea “Estate taxes should be retained because they preserve opportunity for all, because their elimination would increase the national deficit, and because they are consistent with American values of fairness and justice”?

a. causal

b. formal

c. problem-solution

* d. topical

e. economic

85. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience about the major geographical regions of Mexico?”

a. causal

b. chronological

c. topical

d. problem-solution

* e. spatial

86. Which of the following organizational patterns is used more than any other method of speech organization because of its applicability to almost any subject?

a. chronological

b. spatial

c. problem-solution

* d. topical

e. causal

87. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience about the three major kinds of drone aircraft used by the U.S. military”?

a. analytical

* b. topical

c. causal

d. spatial

e. chronological

88. A speech about the equipment used in the sport of ice hockey should probably use a(n) organizational pattern.

a. analogical

b. chronological

* c. topical

d. problem-solution

e. causal

89. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience of the four factors that make a classic car collectible”?

a. analogical

b. spatial

c. problem-solution

* d. topical

e. causal

90. A speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience of the four major factors to consider when choosing a cell-phone plan” would most likely be arranged in order.

a. causal

b. chronological

c. problem-solution

d. objective

* e. topical

91. A speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience of the steps involved in the process of making ice cream” would most likely be arranged in

order.

a. formal

b. causal

* c. chronological

d. progressive

e. spatial

92. A speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience how outbreaks of bird flu move from region to region” would most likely be organized in

order.

a. natural

b. analytical

c. progressive

d. scientific

* e. spatial

93. A speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience how to take pictures like a professional” would most likely be arranged in order.

a. causal or chronological

b. topical or causal

c. spatial or topical

d. chronological or spatial

* e. topical or chronological

94. A speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience of the major features of the Empire State Building” would most likely be organized in order.

a. chronological or spatial

b. causal or topical

* c. topical or spatial

d. chronological or causal

e. causal or spatial

95. A speech about the causes and effects of domestic violence would most likely be organized in order.

* a. causal

b. problem-solution

c. consequential

d. informative

e. analytical

96. A speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience about the causes of domestic violence and its effects on society” would most likely be arranged in

order.

a. legal

* b. causal

c. informative

d. problem-solution

e. chronological

97. Problem-solution order is most appropriate for organizing speeches.

a. acceptance

* b. persuasive

c. after-dinner

d. commemorative

e. informative

98. If the following transition were used in a persuasive speech, the speech would most likely be organized in order.

Now that I’ve told you about declining voter involvement in this country, let’s look at what we can do about it.

a. causal

b. spatial

c. comparative-advantages

* d. problem-solution

e. topical

99. If the following connective were used between the last two main points in an informative speech, the speech would most likely be organized in order.

So far we have seen that the earliest roller coasters were developed in Russia and by the mid-1920s were very popular throughout the United States. Today, U.S. amusement parks attract millions of visitors because of their adventurous roller coasters. Let’s take a look now at what the future holds for roller coasters.

a. spatial

* b. chronological

c. analytical

d. formal

e. topical

100. If the following connective were used before the third main point of an informative speech about charter schools, the speech would most likely be organized in

order.

Now that we have looked at the origins and the philosophy of charter schools, let’s look at what they are accomplishing.

a. analytical

b. technical

c. developmental

d. consecutive

* e. topical

101. If the following connective were used between the two main points of a persuasive speech, the speech would most likely be organized in order.

We’ve seen the costs to our economy of dependence on foreign oil; now let’s look at some solutions.

a. causal

b. analytical

* c. problem-solution

d. consecutive

e. topical

102. If the following internal summary were used in an informative speech, the speech would most likely be organized in order.

On our tour of campus thus far, we have moved from the student union on the east side of campus and around the perimeter. We’ve taken in the engineering campus on the north, the design college on the west side, and the school of education on the south.

a. causal

b. formal

c. analytical

* d. spatial

e. topical

103. If the following connective were used between the two main points of a persuasive speech, the speech would most likely be organized in order.

Now that we have seen how the U.S. is facing a shortage of qualified teachers, let’s turn to steps that should be taken to remedy the situation.

a. causal

b. analytical

* c. problem-solution

d. consecutive

e. topical

104. Words or phrases that indicate when a speaker has completed one thought and is moving on to another are called

a. transfers.

b. internal summaries.

c. speech bridges.

* d. transitions.

e. signposts.

105. “Now that we have seen the causes of unrest in central Africa, we shall turn to their effects . . .” is an example of a(n)

a. internal preview.

* b. transition.

c. internal summary.

d. signpost.

e. main point.

106. After discussing the first main point in his speech on sustainable agriculture, Rasheed said:

So far, I have explained the problems associated with our present agricultural system. Next, I will explain what sustainable agricul-ture is and why it is vastly superior to the current system.

According to your textbook, what type(s) of connective(s) did Rasheed use?

a. bridge

b. internal summary

* c. transition

d. all of the above

e. b and c only

107. After discussing the first main point of her speech on the exploration of Mars, Jeanne said:

Let’s take a moment to recap. To this point we have seen that scientists have made important discoveries about the terrain of Mars, including its channels, basins, and polar caps. Now let’s move on from the terrain of Mars and look at the planet’s atmosphere.

According to your textbook, what type(s) of connective(s) did Jeanne use?

a. internal summary

b. transition

c. bridge

d. all of the above

* e. a and b only

108. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?

In order to get a better understanding of how the proposed copper mine will harm the environment, we shall consider its effects on the land, its effects on the water, and its effects on wildlife.

a. signpost

* b. internal preview

c. transition

d. internal summary

e. bridge

109. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?

Now that we have learned about the history of Mormonism, let’s consider its major beliefs.

a. marker

b. signpost

* c. transition

d. bridge

e. link

110. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?

In discussing solutions to the problem, we will look in turn at what can be done by our state, by our local communities, and by each of us in this room.

a. transition

b. foreshadowing

c. internal summary

* d. internal preview

e. bridge

111. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?

In addition to helping people in need, working as a hospital volunteer provides you with valuable job experience.

a. link

b. signpost

c. marker

* d. transition

e. bridge

112. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?

We have spent a lot of time talking about the problem of computer viruses. Now let’s look at some solutions.

* a. transition

b. internal preview

c. internal summary

d. all of the above

e. a and c only

113. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?

So, first, to what extent will you be protected by wearing a seatbelt?

a. transition

* b. signpost

c. rhetorical question

d. internal preview

e. bridge

114. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of which kind of connective?

As we have seen so far, ignorance about the disease and how it spreads, cultural norms that make it nearly impossible for women to protect themselves, and rampant poverty all contribute to the rapid growth of AIDS among women in Africa.

a. repetition

b. internal checkpoint

c. transitional marker

* d. internal summary

e. signpost

115. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of the speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?

Let’s pause for a moment to see what we have found thus far. First we have seen that America’s criminal justice system does not effectively deter crime. Second we have seen that prison programs to rehabilitate criminals have failed.

* a. internal summary

b. transition

c. bridge

d. internal preview

e. enumeration

116. While working on the body of your speech, you realize that the steps of the process you just explained are fairly complex. You decide that you need to review those steps before moving on to the next main point. To accomplish this task, you would probably add a(n)

a. transition.

b. checkpoint.

* c. internal summary.

d. supplement.

e. signpost.

117. According to your textbook, a phrase such as “Be sure to keep this in mind . . .” that focuses attention on a key idea in a speech is called a(n)

* a. signpost.

b. indicator.

c. transition.

d. highlight.

e. marker.

118. Having worked in the personnel department of a local retailer, Kristi decided to give her informative speech on how to have a successful job interview. In moving from one of her main points to another, she said:

Now that we’ve seen how important the handshake is in creating a first impression, let’s move to the way eye contact can make or break your interview.

What kind of connective did Kristi use in this statement?

a. spotlight

b. internal preview

* c. transition

d. internal summary

e. bridge

119. While working on the body of your speech, you see the need to let the audience know what the upcoming subpoints will be. You decide to add a(n)

a. transition.

* b. internal preview.

c. organizational bridge.

d. internal summary.

e. structural link.

120. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?

In discussing the problem of childhood asthma, we shall look at the symptoms of the disease, its causes, and current treatments.

a. signpost

* b. internal preview

c. transition

d. internal summary

e. bridge

121. According to your textbook, brief statements that help listeners follow your ideas by indicating exactly where you are in the speech are called

a. markers.

* b. signposts.

c. transitions.

d. bridges.

e. links.

122. According to your textbook, “My second point is . . .” is an example of a(n)

a. transition.

b. bridge

* c. signpost.

d. enumeration.

e. marker.

Short Answer Questions

123. A speech narrating a series of historical events will usually be arranged in

chronological order.

124. A speech demonstrating how to build a soapbox derby car will probably be arranged in chronological order.

125. Because it is adaptable to such a wide variety of topics and purposes, topical order is used more than any other pattern of speech organization.

126. A speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience of the causes, symptoms, and treatment of diabetes” will probably be arranged in topical order.

127. A speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience of three serious consequences of not getting enough sleep” would most likely be arranged in

topical order.

128. Speeches arranged in spatial order follow a directional pattern from top to bottom, east to west, or some other route.

129. A speech whose specific purpose is to show a cause-effect relationship is usually organized in causal order.

130. The following main points are arranged in topical order.

I. High-protein diets are high in protein and low in carbohydrates.

II. High carbohydrate diets are high in carbohydrates and low in protein.

III. Fasting diets involve total abstention from food for a long period of time.

131. The following main points are arranged in topical order.

I. As a painter, Picasso tested the limits of abstraction.

II. As a sculptor, Picasso often incorporated “found” objects.

III. As a printmaker, Picasso gave vent to his whimsy and eroticism.

132. The following main points are arranged in chronological order.

I. The rise of the American film industry started with the age of silent movies from 1910 to 1930.

II. The American film industry was at its peak during the Golden Age of Hollywood from 1930 to 1950.

III. Since 1950 the American film industry has withstood the rise of television and the development of home video systems.

133. The following main points are arranged in chronological order.

I. The first step in geocaching is going online to find and select a cache.

II. The second step in geocaching is recording clues and entering coordinates on your GPS system.

III. The third step in geocaching is using the clues and GPS directions to find the cache.

IV. The fourth step in geocaching is to replace the cache for the next players to find.

134. The following main points are arranged in topical order.

I. The first major type of environmental pollution is land pollution.

II. The second major type of environmental pollution is air pollution.

III. The third major type of environmental pollution is water pollution.

135. The following main points are arranged in topical order.

I. Rabies in people is almost always caused by the bite of an infected animal.

II. The symptoms of rabies include drooling, changes in temperament, sudden changes in voice, and abnormal positioning of the limbs.

III. It is vital that people exposed to rabies seek prompt medical treatment.

136. The following main points are arranged in spatial order.

I. The raised right arm and torch of the Statue of Liberty symbolize America’s role as a beacon light of liberty to people the world over.

II. The body of the Statue of Liberty is lined with staircases, which give a good view of the inside contours.

III. The base of the Statue of Liberty contains a plaque with the poignant lines beginning “Give me your tired, your poor . . . .”

137. The following main points are arranged in causal order.

I. The major causes of airborne pollution are industrial and automobile contaminants.

II. The effects of airborne pollution are felt in cities and villages around the world.

138. The following main points are arranged in causal order.

I. Ritalin is widely prescribed for young children who suffer attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

II. Widespread use of Ritalin is causing serious side effects such as liver damage, heart disease, depression, and stunted growth.

139. The following main points are arranged in spatial order.

I. The innermost layer of the sun’s surface, the photosphere, is 500 kilometers thick.

II. The middle layer of the sun’s surface, the chromosphere, is 2,000 kilometers thick.

III. The outermost layer of the sun’s surface, the corona, is millions of kilometers thick.

140. The following main points are arranged in problem-solution order.

I. Gambling addiction is an increasingly serious problem throughout the United States.

II. The problem of gambling addiction can best be solved by a combination of education and rehabilitation.

141. The following main points are organized in problem-solution order.

I. Childhood obesity has reached crisis proportions in the United States.

II. Solving the problem will require changes in attitudes, eating habits, and exercise.

142. Connectives are words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate the relationship between them.

143. Technically, transitions state both the idea the speaker is leaving and the one she or he is coming to.

144. A(n) internal preview works just like the preview statement in the introduction, except that it comes in the body of the speech.

145. “The final point I’d like to present . . . ” is an example of a(n) signpost .

Essay Questions

146. Explain each of the following guidelines for main points in a speech. Why is it important to follow each guideline?

a. Limit the number of main points.

b. Balance the amount of time devoted to main points.

c. Keep main points separate.

d. Try to use the same pattern of wording for all main points.

147. What is wrong with the following set of main points for a speech about different kinds of pianos? Explain the problem and then rewrite the main points to solve it.

I. Grand pianos are the largest and most expensive pianos.

II. Upright pianos take up less floor space and have poorer tone quality than grand pianos.

III. Electronic pianos are often used in jazz and rock music, while player pianos, which produce music automatically, were popular in the late 1800s.

148. Write an essay in which you (a) identify the four kinds of speech connectives explained in your textbook, (b) give an example of each, and (c) discuss the role of each in a speech.

149. What is wrong with the following set of main points for a speech about preventive medicine? Explain the problem and then rewrite the main points to solve it.

I. The first basic step in preventive medicine is maintaining a well-balanced diet.

II. Learning how to cope with stress is another basic step in preventive medicine.

III. The third basic step in preventive medicine is keeping a regular exercise program.

150. Describe and give an example of each of the following methods of speech organization:

a. chronological

b. spatial

c. topical

d. problem-solution

151. For speeches with the following specific purpose statements, what organizational pattern of main points would be most appropriate? Explain your choice in each case.

a. To inform my audience of the major stages in the development of professional baseball.

b. To inform my audience about the interior design of a medieval castle.

c. To persuade my audience that consumer fraud in America is a serious problem that requires action at both the state and federal levels.

d. To inform my audience about the three basic moves in tae kwon do.

e. To inform my audience how to paint the exterior of a house.

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