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38. According to your textbook, how well a speech is organized likely will influence
a. how clearly the audience understands the speech.
b. how the audience views the competence of the speaker.
c. how confident the speaker feels about his or her delivery.
* d. all of the above.
e. a and b only.
39. The is the longest and most important part of the speech.
* a. body
b. blueprint
c. introduction
d. conclusion
e. frame
40. According to your textbook, what is the most important reason for limiting the number of main points in a speech?
a. It is hard to maintain parallel wording if there are too many main points.
b. It is hard to phrase the central idea if a speech has too many main points.
c. It is hard to organize supporting materials if there are too many main points.
d. It is hard to deliver a speech extemporaneously if it has too many main points.
* e. It is hard for the audience to keep track of too many main points.
41. The most effective order of main points in a speech depends above all on your topic, purpose, and
* a. audience.
b. research.
c. visual aids.
d. credibility.
e. delivery.
42. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the accomplishments of Leonardo da Vinci.
I. As a painter, da Vinci produced the Mona Lisa and other masterpieces.
II. As an inventor, da Vinci drew plans for a parachute and a flying machine.
III. As an astronomer, da Vinci concluded that the earth revolves around the sun.
These main points are arranged in order.
* a. topical
b. objective
c. descriptive
d. career
e. spatial
43. Here are the main points for a speech persuading the audience to become literacy tutors.
I. You should volunteer as a literacy tutor because it helps children.
II. You should volunteer as a literacy tutor because it strengthens the community.
III. You should volunteer as a literacy tutor because it is personally rewarding.
These main points are arranged in order.
* a. topical
b. argumentative
c. problem-solution
d. psychological
e. analytical
44. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the book To Kill a Mockingbird.
I. To Kill a Mockingbird was the first, and only, novel written by Harper Lee.
II. To Kill a Mockingbird won a Pulitzer Prize for literature and became a modern classic.
III. To Kill a Mockingbird has been banned by some public schools because of its themes.
According to your textbook, these main points are arranged in order.
a. literary
b. procedural
c. ascending
d. analytical
* e. topical
45. Here are the main points for a speech explaining the reasons for the current shortage of teachers.
I. Teachers are leaving the profession because of low pay.
II. Teachers are leaving the profession because of excessive bureaucracy.
III. Teachers are leaving the profession because of inadequate facilities.
These main points are arranged in order.
a. ascending
b. consecutive
c. chronological
d. descending
* e. topical
46. Here are the main points for a speech about the methods used by Feng Shui consultants.
I. Feng Shui consultants use light cures to redirect energy.
II. Feng Shui consultants use sound cures to generate new energy.
III. Feng Shui consultants use weight cures to bring feelings of stability.
IV. Feng Shui consultants use living cures to nourish life and growth.
These main points are arranged in order.
a. formal
b. professional
c. problem-solution
* d. topical
e. causal
47. Which organizational method is used in a speech with the following main points?
I. As a social worker, Jane Addams founded the settlement house movement in Chicago.
II. As a reformer, Jane Addams campaigned for child-labor laws, unemploy-ment compensation, and better public sanitation.
III. As a suffragist, Jane Addams fought to give women the vote.
IV. As a writer, Jane Addams is best known for her autobiographical Twenty Years at Hull House.
* a. topical
b. spatial
c. chronological
d. descriptive
e. formal
48. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the major categories of dog breeds:
I. The working dogs do rescue, police, herding, and guide jobs.
II. The hound dogs are hunters that specialize in small animals.
III. The terrier dogs make good watchdogs.
IV. The toy dogs are primarily house pets.
These points are organized in order.
a. spatial
b. descriptive
c. chronological
d. illustrative
* e. topical
49. Which organizational pattern is reflected in a speech with the following the main points?
I. Soda lime glass is used in almost all ordinary glass products.
II. Lead crystal glass is used mostly for luxury glass products.
III. Heat resistant glass is used for cooking and scientific products.
a. causal
b. informative
c. chronological
* d. topical
e. descriptive
50. Here are the main points for a speech about the major steps involved in a successful job interview:
I. The first step is preparing for the interview before it takes place.
II. The second step is presenting yourself well during the interview itself.
III. The third step is following up after the interview.
These main points are arranged in order.
a. topical
b. spatial
* c. chronological
d. informative
e. causal
51. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the history of chocolate:
I. Chocolate was originally used in Mexico as a drink by the Aztecs.
II. Chocolate was introduced to Europe after the Spanish conquered the Aztecs.
III. Chocolate was first made into candy during the 1800s.
IV. Chocolate’s popularity and uses continue to expand today.
These main points are arranged in order.
a. causal
b. analytical
c. descriptive
* d. chronological
e. spatial
52. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the process of drying and storing garden herbs.
I. The first step is to prepare the herbs for drying by rinsing and gathering stems together.
II. The second step is to hang the herb bunches upside down in a dry place.
III. The third step is to strip the dried leaves and store the herbs properly.
These main points are arranged in order.
a. topical
* b. chronological
c. descriptive
d. practical
e. spatial
53. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the civil rights movement.
I. The 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education marked the beginning of the modern civil rights movement.
II. In 1963 peaceful protests and violent police responses in Birmingham, Alabama, dramatically increased support for the civil rights movement.
III. In 1965 the Voting Rights Act was passed, marking the major legislative achievement of the civil rights movement.
These main points are arranged in order.
a. spatial
b. historical
c. descriptive
* d. chronological
e. topical
54. Jackson had been a rodeo fan since childhood. In his informative speech, he gave a presentation with the following main points. Jackson’s points were arranged in
order.
I. Rodeos began in the Old West as contests of skill among cowboys during cattle roundups.
II. By 1920 rodeos had become a popular spectator sport for the general public.
III. Today rodeos combine traditional western events with a circuslike atmosphere and the marketing techniques of big business.
a. topical
b. formal
* c. chronological
d. analytical
e. spatial
55. Sheila had been making pottery for several years. In her informative speech, she gave a presentation with the following main points.
I. The first step in making pottery is preparing the clay.
II. The second step in making pottery is shaping the clay.
III. The third step in making pottery is decorating and glazing the clay.
IV. The fourth step in making pottery is firing the finished product.
Sheila’s points were arranged in order.
a. ascending
b. process
* c. chronological
d. descending
e. topical
56. Here are the main points for a speech about the history of golf.
I. The game we know as golf originated in Scotland during the 15th century.
II. Most of golf’s rules and traditions developed during the 19th century.
III. Professional golf tours for men and women emerged during the 20th century.
IV. Today golf is at a peak of popularity among everyday players and spectators.
According to your textbook, these main points are arranged in order.
* a. chronological
b. ascending
c. process
d. descending
e. historical
57. Which organizational method is used in a speech with the following main points?
I. Many citizens are victimized every year by incompetent lawyers.
II. A bill requiring lawyers to stand for recertification every 10 years will do much to help solve the problem.
a. legal
b. topical
c. chronological
* d. problem-solution
e. analytical
58. Here are the main points for an informative speech about the anatomy of the human ear.
I. The outer ear includes the ear flap and the ear canal.
II. The middle ear includes the eardrum and three tiny, interconnected bones.
III. The inner ear includes the cochlea, the semicircular canals, and the auditory nerve.
These main points are arranged in order.
* a. spatial
b. descending
c. chronological
d. ascending
e. topical
59. Which method of organization is used in the following main points?
I. The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is about as thick as a sheet of paper.
II. The middle layer of the skin, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis.
III. The innermost layer of the skin, the subcutaneous tissue, is by far the thickest layer.
a. topical
b. visual
c. scientific
d. ascending
* e. spatial
60. Adriana’s informative speech about different kinds of coffee had the following main points.
I. Coffees grown in South America are known for their acidic taste.
II. Coffees grown in Africa are known for their earthy taste.
III. Coffees grown in Asia are known for their well-balanced taste.
What method of organization did Adriana use for her main points?
a. causal
b. economic
c. objective
d. analytical
* e. spatial
61. Which organizational method is used in a speech with the following main points?
I. The outermost section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the entrance passage.
II. The next section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the antechamber.
III. The third section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the treasury.
IV. The innermost section of the Egyptian burial tomb was the burial chamber.
* a. spatial
b. logical
c. chronological
d. progressive
e. descriptive
62. Here are the main points for a speech about the impact of global warming:
I. Global warming has had a major impact in North America.
II. Global warming has had a major impact in South America.
III. Global warming has had a major impact in Europe.
IV. Global warming has had a major impact in Asia.
V. Global warming has had a major impact in Africa.
These main points are arranged in order.
a. directional
* b. spatial
c. chronological
d. causal
e. problem-solution
63. Here are the main points for a speech about the components of a medieval coat of armor.
I. The head was protected by a helmet.
II. The torso was protected by shoulder pieces, palates, a breastplate, a skirt of tasses, and a tuille.
III. The arms and hands were protected by brassards, elbow pieces, and gauntlets.
IV. The legs and feet were protected by cuisses, knee pieces, jambeaux, and sollerets.
These main points are arranged in order.
a. topical
b. informative
c. chronological
d. structural
* e. spatial
64. Which organizational method is used in a speech with the following main points.
I. Caused by the bite of infected mosquitoes, West Nile virus has spread throughout the United States.
II. The effects of West Nile virus include flu-like symptoms, convulsions, swelling of the brain, and, in some cases, death.
a. topical
*b. causal
c. scientific
d analytical
e. spatial
65. Here are the main points for a speech on the subject of hearing loss.
I. Hearing loss can be caused by genetic and environmental factors.
II. Hearing loss can lead to significant changes in a person’s daily life.
These main points are arranged in order.
a. logical
b. scientific
c. analytical
d. topical
* e. causal
66. Because of his family’s medical history, Alan Hardaway decided to give his informative speech on sickle-cell anemia. When he finished work on the speech, it had the following main points.
I. Sickle-cell anemia is a hereditary blood disease caused by abnormal blood cells.
II. The effects of sickle-cell anemia include liver damage, blindness, paralysis, and early death.
Alan’s main points were arranged in order.
a. topical
b. medical
c. analytical
d. formal
* e. causal
67. Which organizational method is used in a speech with the following main points?
I. The city of London has been facing massive traffic congestion in the downtown area.
II. To combat the problem, officials have installed tolls on roads entering the city.
a. objective
b. persuasive
* c. problem-solution
d. analytical
e. spatial
68. Here are the main points for a persuasive speech about the environmental hazards created by discarded computers.
I. Discarded computers have become a major source of lead and radiation pollution in landfills.
II. Solving this problem requires government regulation and personal action by consumers and businesses.
These main points are arranged in ____________ order.
a. spatial
b. ascending
c. chronological
* d. problem-solution
e. descending
69. Here are the main points for a persuasive speech on adult illiteracy.
I. Adult illiteracy has reached crisis proportions in the United States.
II. Solving the problem will require continued action by government and individual citizens alike.
These main points are arranged in order.
a. spatial
b. topical
* c. problem-solution
d. comparative-advantage
e. causal
70. A soccer player herself, Jenine is very concerned about the growing number of serious injuries at all levels of the sport. When the time came for her persuasive speech, she presented a speech with the following main points:
I. In the past ten years serious soccer injuries have risen dramatically among players of all ages and skill levels.
II. The best way to control this problem is through changes in rules and training.
Jenine’s main points were arranged in order.
* a. problem-solution
b. chronological
c. problem-cause-solution
d. topical
e. motivated sequence
71. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To persuade my audience that our state legislature should enact tougher laws to deal with the problem of motorists who run red lights.”
a. topical
b. persuasive
* c. problem-solution
d. analytical
e. spatial
72. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience about the major geographical regions of the Philippines”?
a. historical
*b. spatial
c. developmental
d. descriptive
e. visual
73. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience about the three major principles of Mahatma Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolence”?
* a. topical
b. logistical
c. chronological
d. technical
e. analytical
74. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience of the causes and effects of the erosion of America’s seacoasts”?
a. spatial
b. environmental
c. chronological
d. analytical
* e. causal
75. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience how to start an online business”?
a. spatial
b. technical
c. causal
d. comparative-advantages
* e. chronological
76. What organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience about three major ways to block junk mail from their e-mail system”?
* a. topical
b. logistical
c. chronological
d. technical
e. causal
77. When the main points of a speech follow a time pattern, they are organized in
a. problem-solution order.
b. spatial order.
c. topical order.
d. causal order.
* e. chronological order.
78. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose, “To inform my audience how to set up an online banking system to pay your bills”?
* a. chronological
b. problem-solution
c. spatial
d. causal
e. comparative-advantage
79. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To persuade my audience to support stricter drug testing for Olympic athletes”?
a. chronological
* b. problem-solution
c. thematic
d. spatial
e. causal
80. Which organizational pattern would be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience about the major steps in setting up a home aquarium”?
* a. chronological
b. causal
c. problem-solution
d. informative
e. Monroe’s motivated sequence
81. When main ideas follow a directional pattern, they are organized in
a. geographical order.
b. topical order.
* c. spatial order.
d. causal order.
e. chronological order.
82. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the central idea “There are five basic positions of the feet in ballet”?
a. visual
b. chronological
c. problem-solution
d. causal
* e. topical
83. Which pattern of organization would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To persuade my audience that high school and college football programs should act now to reduce the incidents of serious injuries in their sport.”
a. spatial
b. causal
* c. problem-solution
d. chronological
e. topical
84. What organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the central idea “Estate taxes should be retained because they preserve opportunity for all, because their elimination would increase the national deficit, and because they are consistent with American values of fairness and justice”?
a. causal
b. formal
c. problem-solution
* d. topical
e. economic
85. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience about the major geographical regions of Mexico?”
a. causal
b. chronological
c. topical
d. problem-solution
* e. spatial
86. Which of the following organizational patterns is used more than any other method of speech organization because of its applicability to almost any subject?
a. chronological
b. spatial
c. problem-solution
* d. topical
e. causal
87. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience about the three major kinds of drone aircraft used by the U.S. military”?
a. analytical
* b. topical
c. causal
d. spatial
e. chronological
88. A speech about the equipment used in the sport of ice hockey should probably use a(n) organizational pattern.
a. analogical
b. chronological
* c. topical
d. problem-solution
e. causal
89. Which organizational pattern would probably be most effective for arranging the main points of a speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience of the four factors that make a classic car collectible”?
a. analogical
b. spatial
c. problem-solution
* d. topical
e. causal
90. A speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience of the four major factors to consider when choosing a cell-phone plan” would most likely be arranged in order.
a. causal
b. chronological
c. problem-solution
d. objective
* e. topical
91. A speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience of the steps involved in the process of making ice cream” would most likely be arranged in
order.
a. formal
b. causal
* c. chronological
d. progressive
e. spatial
92. A speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience how outbreaks of bird flu move from region to region” would most likely be organized in
order.
a. natural
b. analytical
c. progressive
d. scientific
* e. spatial
93. A speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience how to take pictures like a professional” would most likely be arranged in order.
a. causal or chronological
b. topical or causal
c. spatial or topical
d. chronological or spatial
* e. topical or chronological
94. A speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience of the major features of the Empire State Building” would most likely be organized in order.
a. chronological or spatial
b. causal or topical
* c. topical or spatial
d. chronological or causal
e. causal or spatial
95. A speech about the causes and effects of domestic violence would most likely be organized in order.
* a. causal
b. problem-solution
c. consequential
d. informative
e. analytical
96. A speech with the specific purpose “To inform my audience about the causes of domestic violence and its effects on society” would most likely be arranged in
order.
a. legal
* b. causal
c. informative
d. problem-solution
e. chronological
97. Problem-solution order is most appropriate for organizing speeches.
a. acceptance
* b. persuasive
c. after-dinner
d. commemorative
e. informative
98. If the following transition were used in a persuasive speech, the speech would most likely be organized in order.
Now that I’ve told you about declining voter involvement in this country, let’s look at what we can do about it.
a. causal
b. spatial
c. comparative-advantages
* d. problem-solution
e. topical
99. If the following connective were used between the last two main points in an informative speech, the speech would most likely be organized in order.
So far we have seen that the earliest roller coasters were developed in Russia and by the mid-1920s were very popular throughout the United States. Today, U.S. amusement parks attract millions of visitors because of their adventurous roller coasters. Let’s take a look now at what the future holds for roller coasters.
a. spatial
* b. chronological
c. analytical
d. formal
e. topical
100. If the following connective were used before the third main point of an informative speech about charter schools, the speech would most likely be organized in
order.
Now that we have looked at the origins and the philosophy of charter schools, let’s look at what they are accomplishing.
a. analytical
b. technical
c. developmental
d. consecutive
* e. topical
101. If the following connective were used between the two main points of a persuasive speech, the speech would most likely be organized in order.
We’ve seen the costs to our economy of dependence on foreign oil; now let’s look at some solutions.
a. causal
b. analytical
* c. problem-solution
d. consecutive
e. topical
102. If the following internal summary were used in an informative speech, the speech would most likely be organized in order.
On our tour of campus thus far, we have moved from the student union on the east side of campus and around the perimeter. We’ve taken in the engineering campus on the north, the design college on the west side, and the school of education on the south.
a. causal
b. formal
c. analytical
* d. spatial
e. topical
103. If the following connective were used between the two main points of a persuasive speech, the speech would most likely be organized in order.
Now that we have seen how the U.S. is facing a shortage of qualified teachers, let’s turn to steps that should be taken to remedy the situation.
a. causal
b. analytical
* c. problem-solution
d. consecutive
e. topical
104. Words or phrases that indicate when a speaker has completed one thought and is moving on to another are called
a. transfers.
b. internal summaries.
c. speech bridges.
* d. transitions.
e. signposts.
105. “Now that we have seen the causes of unrest in central Africa, we shall turn to their effects . . .” is an example of a(n)
a. internal preview.
* b. transition.
c. internal summary.
d. signpost.
e. main point.
106. After discussing the first main point in his speech on sustainable agriculture, Rasheed said:
So far, I have explained the problems associated with our present agricultural system. Next, I will explain what sustainable agricul-ture is and why it is vastly superior to the current system.
According to your textbook, what type(s) of connective(s) did Rasheed use?
a. bridge
b. internal summary
* c. transition
d. all of the above
e. b and c only
107. After discussing the first main point of her speech on the exploration of Mars, Jeanne said:
Let’s take a moment to recap. To this point we have seen that scientists have made important discoveries about the terrain of Mars, including its channels, basins, and polar caps. Now let’s move on from the terrain of Mars and look at the planet’s atmosphere.
According to your textbook, what type(s) of connective(s) did Jeanne use?
a. internal summary
b. transition
c. bridge
d. all of the above
* e. a and b only
108. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?
In order to get a better understanding of how the proposed copper mine will harm the environment, we shall consider its effects on the land, its effects on the water, and its effects on wildlife.
a. signpost
* b. internal preview
c. transition
d. internal summary
e. bridge
109. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?
Now that we have learned about the history of Mormonism, let’s consider its major beliefs.
a. marker
b. signpost
* c. transition
d. bridge
e. link
110. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?
In discussing solutions to the problem, we will look in turn at what can be done by our state, by our local communities, and by each of us in this room.
a. transition
b. foreshadowing
c. internal summary
* d. internal preview
e. bridge
111. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?
In addition to helping people in need, working as a hospital volunteer provides you with valuable job experience.
a. link
b. signpost
c. marker
* d. transition
e. bridge
112. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?
We have spent a lot of time talking about the problem of computer viruses. Now let’s look at some solutions.
* a. transition
b. internal preview
c. internal summary
d. all of the above
e. a and c only
113. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?
So, first, to what extent will you be protected by wearing a seatbelt?
a. transition
* b. signpost
c. rhetorical question
d. internal preview
e. bridge
114. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of which kind of connective?
As we have seen so far, ignorance about the disease and how it spreads, cultural norms that make it nearly impossible for women to protect themselves, and rampant poverty all contribute to the rapid growth of AIDS among women in Africa.
a. repetition
b. internal checkpoint
c. transitional marker
* d. internal summary
e. signpost
115. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of the speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?
Let’s pause for a moment to see what we have found thus far. First we have seen that America’s criminal justice system does not effectively deter crime. Second we have seen that prison programs to rehabilitate criminals have failed.
* a. internal summary
b. transition
c. bridge
d. internal preview
e. enumeration
116. While working on the body of your speech, you realize that the steps of the process you just explained are fairly complex. You decide that you need to review those steps before moving on to the next main point. To accomplish this task, you would probably add a(n)
a. transition.
b. checkpoint.
* c. internal summary.
d. supplement.
e. signpost.
117. According to your textbook, a phrase such as “Be sure to keep this in mind . . .” that focuses attention on a key idea in a speech is called a(n)
* a. signpost.
b. indicator.
c. transition.
d. highlight.
e. marker.
118. Having worked in the personnel department of a local retailer, Kristi decided to give her informative speech on how to have a successful job interview. In moving from one of her main points to another, she said:
Now that we’ve seen how important the handshake is in creating a first impression, let’s move to the way eye contact can make or break your interview.
What kind of connective did Kristi use in this statement?
a. spotlight
b. internal preview
* c. transition
d. internal summary
e. bridge
119. While working on the body of your speech, you see the need to let the audience know what the upcoming subpoints will be. You decide to add a(n)
a. transition.
* b. internal preview.
c. organizational bridge.
d. internal summary.
e. structural link.
120. According to your textbook, if the following statement occurred in the body of a speech, it would be an example of what kind of connective?
In discussing the problem of childhood asthma, we shall look at the symptoms of the disease, its causes, and current treatments.
a. signpost
* b. internal preview
c. transition
d. internal summary
e. bridge
121. According to your textbook, brief statements that help listeners follow your ideas by indicating exactly where you are in the speech are called
a. markers.
* b. signposts.
c. transitions.
d. bridges.
e. links.
122. According to your textbook, “My second point is . . .” is an example of a(n)
a. transition.
b. bridge
* c. signpost.
d. enumeration.
e. marker.