A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.
Words that refer to ideas or concepts.
A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.
Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view.
A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.
A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.
A speech to entertain that makes a thoughtful point about its subject in a light-hearted manner.
Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words.
Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second.
The way objects enter and/or exit a PowerPoint slide.
The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.
Listening for pleasure or enjoyment.
Words that refer to ideas or concepts.
A book of maps.
A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc.
Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.
A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.
A graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items.
A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech.
The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution.
A reference work that provides information about people.
A feature in a Web browser that stores links to Web sites so they can be easily revisited.
A method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts.
A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point.
The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.
A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.
A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library.
A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.
Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.
A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.
The means by which a message is communicated.
A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form.
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.
A trite or overused expression.
Pictures and symbols that represent common objects, processes, and ideas.
Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea.
A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea.
A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.
Listening to understand the message of a speaker.
A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like.
Words that refer to tangible objects.
A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.
The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase.
A group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group.
A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc.
Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed.
A technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience.
The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.
A conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity.
Standards on which a judgment or decision can be based.
Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it.
Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.
Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech.
Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religious orientation, group membership, and racial, ethnic, or cultural background.
The literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase.
The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.
A statement that depicts a person, event, idea, and the like with clarity and vividness.
A person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed.
A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.
Testimony that is presented word for word.
A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement.
A group of two people.
The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.
A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.
A group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations.
Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker.
Sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines.
The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.
The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.
The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.
Anything that happens or is regarded as happening.
Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.
A specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.
Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields.
A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.
A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point.
Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.
A provision of copyright law that permits students and teachers to use portions of copyrighted materials for educational purposes.
An error in reasoning.
An error in causal reasoning in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second. This error is often known by its Latin name, post hoc, ergo propter hoc, meaning 'after this, therefore because of this.'
The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker.
Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives.
A complete set of type of the same design.
The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.
A geographical dictionary.
A comprehensive reference work that provides information about all branches of human knowledge.
The broad goal of a speech.
The use of 'he' to refer to both women and men.
Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech.
Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own.
The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind.
A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns.
An error in reasoning from specific instances, in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence.
The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain.
A set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole.
An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation.
A process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences.
The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas.
A group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality.
A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.
Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.
Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.
Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice.
A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding.
The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak.
Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners.
A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.
A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points.
An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.
The multitude of Web databases and other resources that are not indexed by search engines.
The specialized or technical language of a trade, profession, or similar group.
An outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form.
The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication.
The ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group.
A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.
The person who receives the speaker's message.
Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear.
The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.
The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points.
Communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group.
A speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.
The average value of a group of numbers.
The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest.
The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.
Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else.
An implicit comparison, not introduced with the word 'like' or 'as,' between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common.
A search aid that sends a researcher's request to several search engines at the same time.
The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers.
An object, usually built to scale, that represents another object in detail.
A constant pitch or tone of voice.
A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.
A speech that uses computer software to combine several kinds of visual and/or audio aids in the same talk.
The use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.
The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?
Communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.
Anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form.
Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.
A speech presenting the findings, conclusions, decisions, etc. of a small group.
A structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience.
The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.
To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words.
Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own.
The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.
A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.
Testimony from ordinary people with first-hand experience or insight on a topic.
A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines.
To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience.
A speech designed to change or reinforce the audience's beliefs or actions.
A graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns.
The highness or lowness of the speaker's voice.
Presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own.
The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?
Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation.
The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?
A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic.
A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech.
A PowerPoint file containing all the slides for a given speech.
A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body of the speech.
A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.
A method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.
A small group formed to solve a particular problem.
Routine 'housekeeping' actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group.
A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product.
The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.
A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.
A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.
A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.
Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.
The speed at which a person speaks.
The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.
Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion.
Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.
A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.
A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers.
A five-step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group.
Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences.
An interview conducted to gather information for a speech.
What a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech.
A question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud.
The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.
A typeface with straight edges on the letters.
Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.
A program used to find information on the World Wide Web.
A search aid that indexes Web pages and checks them for sites that match a researcher's request.
A typeface with rounded edges on the letters.
A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.
An explicit comparison, introduced with the word 'like' or 'as,' between things that are essentially different yet have something in common.
The time and place in which speech communication occurs.
Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.
A single frame in a PowerPoint presentation.
A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.
A collection of three to twelve people that assemble for a specific purpose.
The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 150 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 800 words a minute).
A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.
The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener.
A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech.
A comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music, etc.
A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his or her speech.
A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience.
A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.
A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.
A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.
An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the World Wide Web.
Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience.
Numerical data.
Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.
Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.
The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.
A public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic.
The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.
Substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task.
The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.
Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point.
A book of synonyms.
The subject of a speech.
A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.
A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.
The way PowerPoint slides enter and/or exit the screen.
A visual aid drawn, written, or printed on a sheet of clear acetate and shown with an overhead projector.
The string of letters or numbers that identify a website's address.
A search aid that combines Internet technology with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data.
The pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas.
Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation.
Changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.
A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as 'uh,' 'er,' and 'um.'
The loudness or softness of the speaker's voice.
A reference work published annually that contains information about the previous year.
The Art of Public Speaking, Eighth Edition by Stephen E. Lucas. © 2004 by the McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved.